{"id":4162,"date":"2013-07-23T19:53:48","date_gmt":"2013-07-23T19:53:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/?p=4162"},"modified":"2021-04-06T10:36:30","modified_gmt":"2021-04-06T14:36:30","slug":"deciphering-19th-century-handwriting-and-type-in-records-newspapers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/deciphering-19th-century-handwriting-and-type-in-records-newspapers.html","title":{"rendered":"Deciphering 19th Century Handwriting and Type in Records &#038; Newspapers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>19th Century newspapers and handwritten records (such as the census) can be hard to read.<\/p>\n<p>If you are having difficulty deciphering the handwriting or type, read through the issue of a newspaper or page in the census to see if other words on the page can give you clues to the editor\u2019s or census taker\u2019s writing style.<\/p>\n<p>For example: here we have Eliza Markham living with her husband and family in Gerry, Chautauqua County, New York, as recorded in the 1855 New York State Census.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4163\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4163\" style=\"width: 998px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-markham-1855-new-york-state-census.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4163\" title=\"photo-0723-2013-markham-1855-new-york-state-census\" src=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-markham-1855-new-york-state-census.png\" alt=\"photo of the listing of the Markham family in the 1855 New York State Census\" width=\"998\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-markham-1855-new-york-state-census.png 998w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-markham-1855-new-york-state-census-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-markham-1855-new-york-state-census-500x216.png 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 998px) 100vw, 998px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4163\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: FamilySearch.org<br \/>1855 New York State Census<br \/>https:\/\/familysearch.org\/pal:\/MM9.1.1\/K6SG-7SG<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Look carefully at the handwritten entry for Eliza Markham.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4164\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4164\" style=\"width: 999px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-eliza-markham-1855-new-york-state-census.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4164\" title=\"photo-0723-2013-eliza-markham-1855-new-york-state-census\" src=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-eliza-markham-1855-new-york-state-census.png\" alt=\"photo of the listing of Eliza Markham in the 1855 New York State Census\" width=\"999\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-eliza-markham-1855-new-york-state-census.png 999w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-eliza-markham-1855-new-york-state-census-300x39.png 300w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-eliza-markham-1855-new-york-state-census-500x66.png 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4164\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: FamilySearch.org<br \/>1855 New York State Census<br \/>https:\/\/familysearch.org\/pal:\/MM9.1.1\/K6SG-7SG<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Is her name \u201cEliza\u201d or \u201cEleru\u201d?<\/p>\n<p>Is this a 19th Century name you\u2019re not familiar with\u2014or is it simply a handwriting style you don\u2019t recognize?<\/p>\n<p>Not so simple is it?<\/p>\n<p>As you look at each handwritten letter in her name, you have to think through the options. Some letters are easier to read then others.<\/p>\n<p>What you want to do is to carefully review the other words on the page to become more familiar with the census taker\u2019s handwriting.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s examine each letter in this name:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cE\u201d &#8211; the initial letter has flourishes that make you wonder, but it is probably an \u201cE\u201d<br \/>\n\u201cl\u201d &#8211; yes, the second letter is clearly a lower-case \u201cl\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201ci\u201d &#8211; the \u201ci\u201d can be a little tricky\u2014I don\u2019t see a dot over the \u201ci\u201d\u2026is this an \u201ce\u201d instead?<\/li>\n<li>\u201cz\u201d &#8211; is that fourth letter an \u201cr\u201d? Would that fit? Looking at it again, it is probably the letter \u201cz\u201d written in the printed style instead of the cursive style<\/li>\n<li>\u201ca\u201d &#8211; what about this open-topped final letter\u2014is it the letter \u201cu\u201d or an \u201ca\u201d?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In trying to determine if that final letter is a \u201cu\u201d or an \u201ca,\u201d look at other examples on that same page:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Repeatedly the final \u201ca\u201d in Markham is written with an open top, much like a \u201cu\u201d<\/li>\n<li>The daughter\u2019s name \u201cAlvira\u201d on the seventh line is written with an open-topped final \u201ca\u201d<\/li>\n<li>The family\u2019s one-year-old son\u2014and the father\u2014also have a final open-topped \u201ca\u201d in their name<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So, we can conclude from this handwriting pattern that her name was \u201cEliza.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>You will want to verify this by comparing the name to other genealogy records created in her lifetime.<\/p>\n<p>Newspaper editors set and reset the pieces of type needed for each day\u2019s newspaper. Broken type, ink spots, and gremlins of all sizes made their way into print and became a permanent part of the surviving newspapers\u2014just like the imperfections in the handwritten records made by thousands of census takers a century ago.<\/p>\n<p>FamilySearch Wiki has a handy multi-page chart of common spelling and transcription errors that were common in 19th Century printed newspapers and in handwritten documents like the census.<\/p>\n<p>The \u201cIntended\u201d column shows what the letter was supposed to be, while the \u201cCommon Mistakes\u201d column shows how the letter may appear.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4165\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4165\" style=\"width: 472px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/chart-0723-2013-familysearch-spelling-transcription.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4165\" title=\"chart-0723-2013-familysearch-spelling-transcription\" src=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/chart-0723-2013-familysearch-spelling-transcription.png\" alt=\"a common-letter mistakes chart from FamilySearch\" width=\"472\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/chart-0723-2013-familysearch-spelling-transcription.png 472w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/chart-0723-2013-familysearch-spelling-transcription-241x300.png 241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4165\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: FamilySearch Wiki<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>See the FamilySearch common letter mistakes charts here: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/wiki\/en\/Spelling_Substitution_Tables_for_the_United_States_and_Canada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/wiki\/en\/Spelling_Substitution_Tables_for_the_United_States_and_Canada<\/a><\/p>\n<p>With these handy charts\u2014and the patience to examine other examples on the page you\u2019re viewing\u2014you\u2019ll find it gets easier deciphering difficult-to-read 19<sup>th <\/sup>Century newspapers and handwritten records.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An article by Thomas Jay Kemp providing tips to help you decipher handwriting or newspaper type in old letters, wills, census records, and newspapers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12713],"tags":[6976,12,2525,2719,2085,18861],"class_list":["post-4162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genealogy-research-tips","tag-census-records","tag-genealogy","tag-genealogy-records","tag-genealogy-search-tips","tag-handwriting","tag-letters-and-diaries-or-journals"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photo-0723-2013-featured-graphic-census.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4162"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":66375,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4162\/revisions\/66375"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}