{"id":6936,"date":"2014-04-23T16:02:52","date_gmt":"2014-04-23T16:02:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/?p=6936"},"modified":"2025-04-23T09:57:51","modified_gmt":"2025-04-23T13:57:51","slug":"a-genealogists-guide-to-old-latin-terms-abbreviations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/a-genealogists-guide-to-old-latin-terms-abbreviations.html","title":{"rendered":"A Genealogist\u2019s Guide to Old Latin Terms &#038; Abbreviations"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>Introduction<\/em><\/strong><em>: In this article, Mary Harrell-Sesniak explains some of the old terms\u2014many of them derived from Latin\u2014that genealogists encounter during their family history research. Mary is a genealogist, author and editor with a strong technology background.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Throughout history, terms come and terms go\u2014and thankfully for most people, archaic expressions disappear. That is, thankfully for everyone except family historians. We encounter a plethora of long forgotten archaic terms while doing our genealogy research, mostly in what some consider a dead language: Latin!<\/p>\n<p>To be honest, I was never fond of Latin.<\/p>\n<p>I remember a particularly tense parent-teacher conference when I was a girl, during which the teacher implied that I wasn\u2019t well-suited for the subject. My mother, who was then at the height of her passion for genealogy, disagreed\u2014and so I continued studying Latin, under extreme duress.<\/p>\n<p>In later years, I discovered that I shared my mom\u2019s passion for genealogy\u2014and when I started seeing old documents with Latin phrases such Caesar\u2019s \u201cVeni, Vidi, Vici\u201d (\u201cWe came, We saw, We conquered\u201d), my early education studying the Latin language started paying off.<\/p>\n<p>So now, I\u2019d like to share some tips for understanding old Latin terms you may encounter in your own genealogy research.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dates: \u201cInstant,\u201d \u201cUltimo\u201d and \u201cProximo\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The three most common old Latin terms for dates are: instant, ultimo, and proximo, which refer to the present month, last month and next month respectively.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Instant<\/strong> (often abbreviated \u201cinst.\u201d): This term refers to a recent occurrence in the present or current month.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ultimo<\/strong> (often abbreviated \u201cult.\u201d): Ultimo or Ultimo Mense is a Latin term\/phrase that refers to an occurrence from the previous month.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proximo<\/strong> (often abbreviated \u201cprox.\u201d): Proximo refers to something that will occur next month.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice in the following obituary, the death date is reported as \u201cthe 29<sup>th<\/sup> ultimo.\u201d Since the obit was published on 5 October 1838, this is saying Elizabeth Grady died 29 September 1838.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6937\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6937\" style=\"width: 655px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/charleston-courier-newspaper-1005-1838-ultimo.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" title=\"charleston-courier-newspaper-1005-1838-ultimo\" src=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/charleston-courier-newspaper-1005-1838-ultimo.png\" alt=\"obituary for Elizabeth Grady, Charleston Courier newspaper article 5 October 1838\" width=\"655\" height=\"404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/charleston-courier-newspaper-1005-1838-ultimo.png 655w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/charleston-courier-newspaper-1005-1838-ultimo-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/charleston-courier-newspaper-1005-1838-ultimo-486x300.png 486w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6937\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charleston Courier (Charleston, South Carolina), 5 October 1838, page 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Genealogy Tip:<\/em><\/strong> References should be interpreted as relative, and not exact. Sometimes notices are copied from newspaper to newspaper, and if a notice was republished more than 30 days from its first publication, the interpretation would be incorrect. As a result, always verify death dates with official documents and even tombstones. (See the related Blog article <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/understanding-terms-found-in-historical-newspapers.html\">Understanding Terms Found in Historical Newspapers<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Widows and Widowers: \u201cConsort\u201d and \u201cRelict\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Two similar historical Latin terms often found in old obituaries are consort and relict; as noted in the following examples, they tell a researcher specifically if a woman was a widow prior to her death, or if her husband became a widower after she died.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Consort<\/strong> comes from the Latin word \u201cconsortium,\u201d meaning partnership. It indicates that the husband survived the wife (i.e., her death ended the marriage partnership).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice in this example, Mrs. Ann Parrott is referred to as the \u201cconsort\u201d of Mr. James Parrott.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6938\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6938\" style=\"width: 301px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/easton-gazette-newspaper-0402-1824-ann-parrott.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6938\" title=\"easton-gazette-newspaper-0402-1824-ann-parrott\" src=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/easton-gazette-newspaper-0402-1824-ann-parrott.png\" alt=\"death notice for Ann Parrott, Easton Gazette newspaper article 2 April 1824\" width=\"301\" height=\"43\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/easton-gazette-newspaper-0402-1824-ann-parrott.png 301w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/easton-gazette-newspaper-0402-1824-ann-parrott-300x42.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6938\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Easton Gazette (Easton, Maryland), 2 April 1824, page 3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Relict<\/strong> is derived from the Latin \u201crelictus\u201d or \u201crelicta,\u201d which translate as widower or widow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice in this newspaper clipping example, Margaret is referred to as the \u201crelict,\u201d or widow, of the late William McCarron.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6939\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6939\" style=\"width: 331px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/irish-american-weekly-newspaper-0110-1852-margaret-mccarron.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6939\" title=\"irish-american-weekly-newspaper-0110-1852-margaret-mccarron\" src=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/irish-american-weekly-newspaper-0110-1852-margaret-mccarron.png\" alt=\"death notice for Margaret McCarron, Irish American Weekly newspaper article 10 January 1852\" width=\"331\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/irish-american-weekly-newspaper-0110-1852-margaret-mccarron.png 331w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/irish-american-weekly-newspaper-0110-1852-margaret-mccarron-300x59.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6939\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Irish American Weekly (New York, New York), 10 January 1852, page 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><em>Genealogy Tip:<\/em><\/strong> If a Latin term ends in \u201cus,\u201d then it refers to a male; if it ends in an \u201ca,\u201d it generally refers to a female. For example, \u201cavus\u201d refers to grandfather, \u201cavia\u201d to grandmother, and \u201cavi\u201d is used to indicate grandparents. \u201cProavus\u201d means great grandfather and \u201cproava\u201d means great grandmother. If you search the Latin word list at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.genproxy.co.uk\/latin.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Genproxy.co.uk<\/a>, you\u2019ll notice that Latin even has specific words to specify if someone was a 2nd great grandparent.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Single Status: \u201cCaelebs\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As seen in the previous examples, relationship statuses can be specific in Latin. However, I must give a word of caution\u2014meanings and interpretations change over time.<\/p>\n<p>To illustrate, let\u2019s examine the Latin word caelebs, which is related to the word celibate.<\/p>\n<p>Most genealogy researchers define caelebs as a man who was single\u2014so if you didn\u2019t explore further, you might assume that caelebs indicated someone who had never been married.<\/p>\n<p>However, try entering caelebs into the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/resolveform?type=exact&amp;lookup=caelebs&amp;lang=la\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Perseus Latin Dictionary at Tufts University<\/a>. Did you see that its definition includes \u201cwidower\u201d?<\/p>\n<p>And now search early newspapers for the term. This 1807 newspaper article implies that the definition includes a man (or in the case of caelibia, a woman), in search of a wife.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6940\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6940\" style=\"width: 571px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/gazette-newspaper-1113-1809-caelebs.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6940\" title=\"gazette-newspaper-1113-1809-caelebs\" src=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/gazette-newspaper-1113-1809-caelebs.png\" alt=\"article about caelebs, Gazette newspaper article 13 November 1809\" width=\"571\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/gazette-newspaper-1113-1809-caelebs.png 571w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/gazette-newspaper-1113-1809-caelebs-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/gazette-newspaper-1113-1809-caelebs-500x232.png 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6940\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gazette (Portland, Maine), 13 November 1809, page 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Another newspaper article, this one from 1977, reports that a 14th century definition for the equivalent of caelebs\u2014bachelor\u2014applied to candidates for knighthood, and those who had earned an academic degree.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6941\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6941\" style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/springfield-union-newspaper-0505-1977-caelebs.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6941\" title=\"springfield-union-newspaper-0505-1977-caelebs\" src=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/springfield-union-newspaper-0505-1977-caelebs.png\" alt=\"article about caelebs, Springfield Union newspaper article 5 May 1977\" width=\"386\" height=\"353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/springfield-union-newspaper-0505-1977-caelebs.png 386w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/springfield-union-newspaper-0505-1977-caelebs-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/springfield-union-newspaper-0505-1977-caelebs-328x300.png 328w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6941\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Springfield Union (Springfield, Massachusetts), 5 May 1977, page 19<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Latin Terms Describing Death Status<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Legal documentation may include abbreviations regarding the status of a decedent.<\/p>\n<p>Did a person have heirs? Were the children legitimate or illegitimate, and did some or all children die within the lifetime of a parent?<\/p>\n<p>Here is a list of frequently used abbreviations\u2014to understand them better, acquaint yourself with some of the more common terms, such as \u201cdecessit\u201d and \u201cobdormio,\u201d which mean died or fell asleep, \u201clegitima\u201d (legitimate), \u201csine\u201d (without), \u201cmatris\u201d and \u201cpatris\u201d (mother and father), and \u201cprole\u201d (issue or offspring).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Common Latin Phrase Abbreviations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>aas<\/strong> (anno aetatis suae): died in the year of his\/her age<\/li>\n<li><strong>dsp<\/strong> (decessit sine prole): indicates a person died without issue; i.e., no children<\/li>\n<li><strong>dspl<\/strong> (decessit sine prole legitima): died without legitimate issue<\/li>\n<li><strong>dspm<\/strong> (decessit sine prole malus): died without sons<\/li>\n<li><strong>dspml<\/strong> (decessit sine prole malus legitima): died without legitimate sons<\/li>\n<li><strong>dspms<\/strong> (decessit sine prole malus suivre): died without surviving sons<\/li>\n<li><strong>dsps<\/strong> (decessit sine prole suivre): died without surviving issue<\/li>\n<li><strong>dvm<\/strong> (decessit vita matris): died in the lifetime of the mother<\/li>\n<li><strong>dvp<\/strong> (decessit vita patris): died in the lifetime of the father<\/li>\n<li><strong>ob caelebs<\/strong> (obdormio caelebs): died single or as a bachelor<\/li>\n<li><strong>osp<\/strong> (obiit sine prole): died without issue or children<\/li>\n<li><strong>q.s.<\/strong> (quod suivre): which follows<\/li>\n<li><strong>q.v.<\/strong> (quod vide): which see<\/li>\n<li><strong>sp<\/strong> (sine prole): without issue or children<\/li>\n<li><strong>spf<\/strong> (sine prole femina): without daughters<\/li>\n<li><strong>spl<\/strong> (sine prole legitima): without legitimate issue<\/li>\n<li><strong>spm<\/strong> (since prole mascula): without sons<\/li>\n<li><strong>sps<\/strong> (sine prole superstite): without surviving issue<\/li>\n<li><strong>vf<\/strong> (vita fratris): in the lifetime of his brother<\/li>\n<li><strong>viz<\/strong> (videlicet): namely<\/li>\n<li><strong>vm<\/strong> (vita matris): in the lifetime of his mother<\/li>\n<li><strong>vp<\/strong> (vita patris): in the lifetime of his father<\/li>\n<li><strong>vs<\/strong> (vita sororis): in the lifetime of his sister<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Strategies for Translating Latin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>With all Latin terms, apply strategies to make sure you interpret a document correctly.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Read the entire document or article to see if a phrase was reiterated in English.<\/li>\n<li>Examine the syntax within the presented context.<\/li>\n<li>See if there is a corresponding or follow-up document to verify information (such as in a probate file).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Also, consult a variety of resources, such as these:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>FamilySearch.org\u2019s <span class=\"removed_link\" title=\"https:\/\/familysearch.org\/learn\/wiki\/en\/Latin_Genealogical_Word_List\">Latin Genealogical Word List<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Genproxy.co.uk\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.genproxy.co.uk\/latin.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Simple Latin Terms<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Google\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/translate.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Translate<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Tufts University\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/resolveform?type=exact&amp;lookup=caelebs&amp;lang=la\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Latin Dictionary<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Do you have a question about a Latin phrase you\u2019ve encountered in your family history research? If so, please ask it in the comments section and we\u2019ll try to answer it for you.<\/p>\n<p>Explore over 330 years of newspapers and historical records in GenealogyBank. Discover your family story! <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/sign-up\">Start a 7-Day Free Trial<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>More articles about old terms found in historical newspapers:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/understanding-terms-found-in-historical-newspapers.html\">Understanding Terms Found in Historical Newspapers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/job-names-in-historical-newspapers-researching-old-occupations.html\">Job Names in Historical Newspapers: Researching Old Occupations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/historical-job-names-in-newspapers-old-careers-occupations-part-ii.html\">Historical Job Names in Newspapers (Part II)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/early-women-occupations-jobs-avocations.html\">Early Women Occupations, Jobs &amp; Avocations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/old-diseases-early-medical-terms-in-historical-newspapers.html\">Old Diseases &amp; Early Medical Terms in Historical Newspapers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.genealogybank.com\/nautical-terms-phrases-found-in-old-newspapers.html\">Nautical Terms &amp; Phrases Found in Old Newspapers<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this article, Mary Harrell-Sesniak explains some of the old terms, including Latin phrases, that genealogists encounter when doing their research.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":52797,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12713],"tags":[2719,46545,6808],"class_list":["post-6936","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genealogy-research-tips","tag-genealogy-search-tips","tag-genealogy-terms-abbreviations","tag-latin"],"acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/illustration-0215-2017-featured-graphic-computer-user-2.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6936","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6936"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6936\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102633,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6936\/revisions\/102633"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/52797"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6936"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6936"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.genealogybank.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6936"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}